AGLUTINATION (lat. agglutinatio - gluing) - sticking together in lumps and precipitation (from a homogeneous suspension) of bacteria, erythrocytes and other cellular elements.

AGRANULOCYTOSIS (gr. a + lat. granulum - grain, cytos - cell) is a symptom complex accompanying various pathological conditions of the body and characterized by a sharp decrease or disappearance of granular leukocytes from the blood.

ADAPTATION (lat. adaptatio - adaptation, adaptare - adaptation), in the broad sense - adaptation of the body to certain conditions of existence that are constantly changing, which was formed in the process of evolutionary development, in a narrower sense - a change in the sensitivity of the senses under the influence of more or less prolonged exposure to certain stimuli, for example, the adaptation of the eye to light or darkness.

ADENITIS (gr. άδήν - gland) is an inflammation of a gland or lymph node. The term is usually used not independently, but as part of complex names of diseases (for example, mesadenitis, lymphadenitis, hydradenitis).

ADENOCARCINOMA (gr. ἀδην - gland and carcinoma), glandular cancer - a malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of glandular tissues.

ADENOMA (gr. άδήν - gland and ὂγϰωμα - tumor) is a benign tumor that develops from the glandular epithelium.

ADYNAMIA (gr. adynamia) - a sharp loss of strength, pronounced muscle weakness; a painful condition manifested by significant weakness, inability to move, etc. 

AKINESIA (gr. άϰινησία - immobility) is the impossibility of voluntary movements or their change in strength, volume, speed due to paralysis, joint immobility or pain. Psychogenic akinesia can be a symptom of hysteria, psychasthenia (as one of the manifestations of obsessions, including fears), etc.

ALEUKIA (a... - negative prefix and Greek λευϰος - white) is a condition characterized by suppression of leukopoiesis, primarily due to the granulocyte lineage. Most often it is a syndrome of some general disease.

ALKALOSIS (lat. alcalis < Arabic al-kali - vegetable ash) is a form of acid-base imbalance in the body characterized by a shift in the ratio between acid anions and blood base cations towards an increase in cations.

ALLERGY (gr.: allos - other + ergon - action) is a qualitatively altered reaction of the body to the action of antigenic substances, which leads to various disorders in the body - inflammation, bronchial spasm, necrosis, shock and other changes. In other words, allergy is a complex of disorders that occur in the body during humoral and cellular immunological reactions.

ALTERATION (lat. alteratio - to change) - a change in the structure of cells, tissues and organs, accompanied by a violation of their vital functions. The term A. is used in pathology to refer to tissue damage.

AMYLOIDOSIS (gr. ἄμυλον - starch and εἶδος - form) is a rare (12 cases per million population per year) disorder of protein metabolism associated with the formation of insoluble amyloid structures consisting of fibrillar protein with a characteristic unique crossed β-fold configuration of polypeptide chains.

ANAPLASIA (ana... and gr. πλάσις - formation) is the return of cells and tissues to an undifferentiated state.

During anaplasia, cell differentiation decreases, their morphology and biochemical characteristics change, cells lose their functional activity, biological properties and acquire the ability to grow unlimitedly. In the case of anaplasia, it is almost impossible to establish the origin of the cell due to the complete absence of signs of its differentiation. Usually, anaplasia is characteristic of cells that have undergone malignant degeneration.

ANEMIA (gr.: a - without + aimia - blood) is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin content or the number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood, which leads to the development of oxygen starvation of tissues.

ANURIA (lat. anuria < gr. an - not, negation + uria - urine) is the cessation of urine flow into the bladder.

APOPTOSIS – a genetically programmed cell death in which the leading role is played by intracellular mechanisms that cause "thorough" disassembly and removal of the cell.

Arthritis (gr.: arthron) – an inflammatory disease of the joints. The independent nosological forms include: rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic polyarthritis (Sokolsky-Buillot disease), ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev disease), infectious specific arthritis (gonorrheic, tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis), dysarthritis (see Tuberculosis), dysentery (see Dysentery), viral, etc.), infectious allergic polyarthritis (including palindromic rheumatism and intermittent joint hydrocephalus), psoriatic polyarthritis, Reiter's disease.

OSTEOARTHRITIS (ARTHROSIS) –  a chronic progressive non-inflammatory disease of the synovial membranes of joints of various etiologies, characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage, structural changes in the subchondral bone and expressed or latent synovitis.

ASPHXIA (asphyxia; a - not, negation + sphygmos - pulse) - suffocation; a life-threatening pathological condition caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, which occurs acutely or subacutely, and the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the body, which is manifested by a severe symptom complex of disorders of vital body functions, mainly the activity of the nervous system, respiration and blood circulation.

ATROPHY (atrophia; gr.: a - not, negation + trophē - nourishment) is a process characterized by a decrease in volume and size, as well as by qualitative changes in cells, tissues and organs expressed to varying degrees. However, A. phenomena are not always pathological. 

AUTOANTIBODIES - antibodies to molecules of substances that are part of the body's own cells or tissues. The production of A. occurs as a result of an immune response to autoantigens, the appearance of "forbidden" clones of B-lymphocytes or a violation of the mechanism of immune recognition of "friend" and "foe".

ACIDOSIS - a violation of the acid-base balance in the body, characterized by an excessive content of volatile and non-volatile acid anions.

BASOPHILS (basophilus < gr.: basis + phileo), or mast cells - granulocytes with coarse basophilic granularity, discovered in 1877 by P. Ehrlich. B. make up 0-1.0% of the total number of leukocytes (0-0.065‧109/L).

HEMATOMA (gr.: haima, haimatos - blood + õma - the ending in the name of tumors and neoplasms) is a limited accumulation of blood in tissues with the formation of a cavity containing liquid or coagulated blood. The main causes of H. are damage to the blood vessel wall due to trauma or pathological process, impaired permeability of the vessel wall, and decreased blood clotting ability.

HEMATOENCEPHALIC BARRIER (lat.: repagula haematoencephalica < Greek: haima - blood + encephalon < en - in + kephale - head) is a complex physiological mechanism located in the central nervous system at the boundary between blood and nervous tissue and regulates the flow of circulating blood substances from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and nervous tissue.

HEMOGLOBINEMIA – a disease in which there is an excess of hemoglobin in the blood plasma. It is the effect of intravascular hemolysis, in which hemoglobin is separated from red blood cells, which is a form of anemia.

HEMOLYSIS (lat. haemolysis < gr. haima - blood + lysis - decomposition, destruction, dissolution) is a process of red blood cell damage, in which hemoglobin is released into the environment. After H., blood is a transparent liquid colored red. H. can occur both in the bloodstream and in a test tube under the influence of a variety of agents. The main factors that can cause H. are: physical and chemical agents, hemolytic poisons of plant, animal or bacterial origin; hemolytic properties of animal sera (normal hemolysins); hemolytic properties of antibodies (specific or immune hemolysins).

HEMOSTASIS (lat. haemostasis < gr. haema - blood + stasis - stagnation, immobile state) is a system of protection of the body against bleeding in case of damage to the integrity of the vessel wall. The intensity of bleeding depends on the type of vessel (arterial or venous), its diameter and blood pressure in the vessels. The body, fighting against blood loss, triggers defense mechanisms, because the liquid state of the blood and the integrity of the bloodstream are a prerequisite for life.

EMBOLIA (lat. embolia < gr. embole - throwing, insertion, invasion) is a pathological process caused by the transfer of various substrates (emboli) by the bloodstream that are not detected normally and can cause acute occlusion of the vessel with impaired blood supply to the tissue or organ. 

PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA (lat. emphysema pulmonum < gr. emphysema - bloating) is a pathological condition of the lung tissue characterized by an increased air content in it.

JAUNDICE (lat.: icterus) is a symptom of yellow coloration of the mucous membranes, sclerae and skin. Jaundice is a symptom of a number of diseases and is usually associated with hyperbilirubinemia. Mild jaundice is called subcharacteristic jaundice. Existing classifications of J. are based on different principles: pathophysiological, anatomical, pathomorphological, biochemical, clinical. However, the traditional division of J. according to the pathogenetic principle into hemolytic (suprahepatic), obturative (subhepatic or mechanical) and parenchymal (hepatic) remains the main one. In addition, a slight temporary jaundice is normal in newborns (the so-called physiologic jaundice).

STRUMA - an enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes swelling of the anterior part of the neck; synonym: struma.

IDIOSYNCRAZY (lat. idiosyncrasia < gr. idios - peculiar, unusual + synkrasis - mixing) - genetically determined atypical reaction to certain substances (including non-protein) or exposure; often occurs after the first contact with the stimulus. Drug reaction is a pathological reaction to a particular drug characterized by a sharp increase in sensitivity (similar in clinical manifestations to an allergic reaction) of the patient to the drug with an extremely strong and/or long-lasting effect. The basis of drug hypersensitivity, which is the subject of pharmacogenetics, is the polymorphism of proteins and enzyme systems, which is a consequence of polyallelicism of the corresponding genes.

IMMUNITY (lat. immunitas - liberation from something) is a specific biological, immune defense - the rejection by living organisms of infectious agents and foreign substances. Immunity is a macroorganism's ability to protect itself, actively or passively acquired, specifically directed against immunogenic factors. 

INFARCT (lat. infarctus < infarcere - to fill, to compress, to press; syn. discontinuous necrosis) - focal necrosis of an organ resulting from a sudden disruption of local blood circulation. 

ISCHEMIA (lat. ischaemia < gr. ischo - to delay, stop + haima - blood; obsolete syn. local anemia) - weakening of blood circulation in an organ or in an organ area due to a decrease in blood flow, which leads to a deficit of blood supply to tissues. It occurs when there is a significant increase in resistance in the arteries that bring blood to this area and the absence or insufficiency of collateral blood flow. 

CACHEXIA (lat. cachexia, from the ancient gr. κακός - bad and the ancient gr. ἕξις - state; also wasting syndrome, general atrophy) is a clinical syndrome, a condition accompanied by a large loss of body weight due to the disappearance of fatty tissue, muscle atrophy. It occurs in case of starvation, insufficient caloric intake, as well as in various diseases with impaired food passage (esophageal narrowing), digestion and absorption (enteritis).

COMA (lat. coma < gr. koma - deep sleep); syn. coma is an acute pathological condition characterized by progressive depression of central nervous system functions with loss of consciousness, impaired response to external stimuli, respiratory and circulatory disorders, and other increasingly deteriorating life support functions. Coma occurs as a complication of many diseases accompanied by significant changes in the functioning of the central nervous system, or as a manifestation of primary damage to brain structures.

LYMPHOCYTES (gr.: lympha - pure water + kytos - vessel, container, cell) are the main cellular elements of the immune system that are formed in the bone marrow and actively function in lymphoid tissue. The main function of lymphocytes is to recognize a foreign antigen and participate in an adequate immunological response. 

MALIGNATION (lat. malignus - harmful, destructive) is the transformation of cells of normal or pathologically altered tissue into malignant tumor cells. The development of M. is based on the violation of the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. A variety of non-tumor tissues and benign tumors can be affected by M. Signs of M. are impaired cell division, impaired cell differentiation, changes in cell morphology with impaired cell function, progressive tumor growth, and development of metastases. 

NECROSIS (lat. necrosis < gr. necros - dead; syn. local death) is the death of a part of a tissue or organ of a living organism, accompanied by irreversible cessation of their vital activity.

Necrosis is not only a pathological process, but also occurs in the course of physiological regeneration, e.g. in the epidermis, gastrointestinal mucosa, etc. Irreversible dystrophic changes that precede necrosis are called necrobiosis, and necrobiosis that lasts for a long period of time is called pathobiosis. The complex of changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell that characterizes the state of parabiosis is called paranecrosis.

NOSOLOGY (nosologia < gr. nosos - disease + logos - word) - the doctrine of disease, which includes the biological and medical basis of diseases, as well as their etiology, pathogenesis, nomenclature and classification. According to N., nosological units or forms are distinguished, i.e. a particular disease with a typical combination of symptoms and functional and morphological changes that are their basis, as well as a certain etiology and pathogenesis.

ONCOLOGY (gr.: onkos - tumor + logos - word, doctrine) is a biomedical science that studies the theoretical, experimental and clinical aspects of oncogenesis in humans, animals, plants and develops methods for their recognition, treatment and prevention. It was formed in the twentieth century on the basis of the achievements of experimental medicine.

PARESIS (gr.: paresis - weakening, relaxation) is a decrease in muscle strength in the limbs, as a result of which voluntary movements are possible, but their volume and strength are significantly reduced. The etiology of P. is diverse: stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, spinal cord injury, polyneuropathy due to viral infections (herpes, measles, influenza, enteroviruses, adenoviruses), intoxication, allergies, metabolic and vascular disorders, vitamin B deficiencies, etc.

PATHOGENESIS (gr.: pathos - suffering + genesis - origin, origin) is the doctrine of the mechanisms of development, course and outcome of diseases. There are separate and general P. Separate P. includes analysis of mechanisms of development of nosological forms (e.g. pneumonia, coronary heart disease). Despite the large number of nosological forms of P., there are common mechanisms of development that are characteristic of different diseases. In general P., the most general patterns of development and course of diseases and their typical variants are analyzed. Separate and general pathogenesis are closely related, because the disclosure and generalization of patterns is possible only on the basis of the analysis of individual forms of pathology, and the doctrine of general P. formulated on this basis is used in the study of the mechanisms of development of various specific diseases and individual forms of their course.

PROTEINURIA (albuminuria) is a common urological symptom that detects an increased protein content in the urine. In a healthy person, proteins are filtered in the renal glomeruli, and a relatively small amount of them is passed into the urine - no more than 0.03 g/l. The cause of increased protein content in the urine is most often kidney disease. The occurrence of P. is also possible in a healthy person with increased physical activity, which is a one-time event. It can be caused by increased permeability of the renal glomerular membranes to plasma proteins, filtration of excessive amounts of low molecular weight proteins (with increased levels in the blood plasma), impaired tubular reabsorption, and urinary excretion of kidney tissue proteins (if they are damaged). Persistent P. indicates an increase in renal glomerular permeability.

REGENERATION (lat.: regeneratio) is the restoration of body structures in the course of vital activity and those structures that were lost as a result of pathological processes.

RHESUS FACTOR (lat. rhesus - a Bengal macaque monkey bred for medical research), Rh-factor - a complex protein found in human and monkey red blood cells; one of the main antigens of the Rh system, which includes 5 other antigens.

RECRUITMENT (lat. recidivus - recurring) is the reappearance of disease symptoms after a certain period of their complete disappearance. The occurrence of R. is most often associated with incomplete elimination of the causes of the disease in the process of its treatment, which under certain conditions leads to the re-development of pathogenetic processes inherent in this disease and the corresponding resumption of its clinical manifestations. 

STASIS (gr.: stasis - standing) is a localized stoppage of blood flow in the microcirculatory bed in capillaries, venules and arterioles. This definition refers mainly to hemostasis (or blood stasis). However, the term C. also refers to the local stasis of physiological contents in the lumen of a particular organ: this is how duodenostasis (prolonged retention of chyme in the duodenum), cholestasis (bile stasis in the bile ducts), lymphostasis (cessation of lymph flow), coprostasis (stasis of feces in the colon) are distinguished.

UREMIA (lat. uremia; urina - urine + aemia - blood) is a pathological condition caused by excessive accumulation of protein by-products in the blood and containing a complex of biochemical and pathophysiological disorders characteristic of the end-stage chronic renal failure.

PHAGOCYTOSIS (gr.: phagos - devouring + kytos - vessel, container, cell) is the oldest phylogenetically nonspecific defense factor of the body. The process of F. consists of three stages: fixation of a foreign particle on the surface of the phagocyte membrane; invasion of the phagocyte membrane with the attached particle, its entry into the cytoplasm and fusion with the lysosome to form a phagosome; digestion of the captured particle by lysosomal enzymes and metabolic products. The main phagocytic cells are neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.

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Фармацевтична енциклопедія. (дата звернення: 10.04.2023).